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Module 5 “Modern Technologies of Management and Administration in the Context of Global and National Challenges” is designed to provide mastery of new technologies of public administration and management, taking into account current global, national and regional trends and threats.
The module materials include consideration of the following issues:
- European guidelines for public administration: adaptation of national systems and institutional capacity
- Management mechanism of European integration: the experience of the Republic of Croatia
- Dominants of transformation of management tools in view of modern challenges
- Secrets of effective administration.
The relevance of the study of the methodological foundations of concepts and models of modern management is that its management principles represent the most dynamic and innovative area of development that is taking over the world. This is facilitated by globalisation, the new digital era, the development of information and communication technologies, and big data analysis. The rapidly developing information and technology sector shows that the modern global world is deepening at an incredible speed, and this applies to every sphere, every science, business, entrepreneurship, insurance, medicine, education, which generally requires new methodological approaches to understanding modern processes.
The systemic methodology of concepts and models of modern management is an ordered system of managing complex systems that allows analysing the components of the management system and connecting them with each other. In a systematic approach, the study of management is a complex system, each of the elements of which has its own goals.
The essence of the systemic approach to management is reduced by many authors to the following:
1) formulation of goals and clarification of the hierarchy related to management, especially decision-making;
2) achievement of the goals at minimum cost and by analysing alternative ways and methods, goals and making certain choices;
3) quantification of goals, methods and means of achievement based on a comprehensive assessment of possible performance results.
A systematic approach to management as a complex social organism, based on the analysis of a complex object as an integral set of elements in the totality of relations and connections between them, is exactly what is needed and demanded to solve many problems. A modern management system is a set of interacting elements that make up an integral entity that includes new properties that were not present in the constituent elements of the old management system.
These social systems correspond to three main types of management:
1) socio-political (administrative management);
2) socio-economic (management in the production sector);
3) socio-cultural (management of the non-productive sphere).
Some authors distinguish between system analysis and system approach on the basis that the methodology of system analysis, unlike the system approach, necessarily relies on mathematical tools and conclusions in a mathematised form, while the system approach is based on broad, not necessarily mathematised categories.
In other words, the systemic approach is a general methodology, while systemic analysis is an applied, highly quantified research methodology.
The task of systematic analysis of concepts and models of modern management is to determine, on the basis of mathematical or simulation methods, a quantifiable optimal solution to solve problems.
The systemic analysis of concepts and models of modern management is considered mainly as a methodology for clarifying and organising, structuring problems of management decisions, and then can be coordinated both with and without the use of mathematics and computers. In this sense, the concept of ‘system analysis’ is identified with the concepts of ‘system approach’ and ‘system research’.
Systemic analysis of concepts and models of modern management can be applied to solve certain management problems and is proclaimed to be a tool that provides a scientific approach to optimal solution of problems of the highest effect. The systemic approach is based on the understanding of management objects as systems that focus research on the disclosure of the object’s integrity and mechanisms that ensure the identification of various types of connections of a complex object that bring them together into a single integrity.
The concepts and models of modern management are based on the system of action as a complex interconnection of action elements and the relationship of actions with each other, which is a component of the systemic approach. The concept of ‘system of action’ was introduced in 1937 by T. Parsons in his work ‘The Structure of Social Action’, in which he notes that the system of action consists of a set of individual actions, as well as several types of relations, since it is overlaid with a grid of ‘coordination of action’. In particular, these are the relations that arise in systems of a certain complexity, where single actions are grouped into large organisational units called individuals, and the relations of individuals as members of a social group.
The system of coordination of actions implies differences in a single action: the goal; the means to achieve it; the conditions in which the action takes place; the norms that are taken into account when choosing the goal and means. First of all, it is characterised by the desire to consider management as a complex system of its individual subsystems. Such systems include: 1) individual; 2) formal structure; 3) informal structure; 4) informal organisation; 5) statuses and roles; 6) physical environment. The complexity of the management structure is related to the need to study the interaction of subsystems. The central methodological concepts of the systematic approach to management as a complex system are: communication; compatible processes; and main compatible processes. Among them are: 1) communication; 2) balance; 3) decision-making.
Thus, the systemic method of modern management concepts and models is an ordering of many interrelated elements that form a holistic unity due to the correct arrangement of parts in a certain relationship and in a certain sequence of actions aimed at the sustainable order of something.
The systemic method was developed in detail in the 50s and 60s by T. Parsons and improved by D. Easton. The essence of this method consists in analysing the system as an integral, complex organism of the enterprise, a self-regulating mechanism that interacts with the environment through the input (requirements of citizens, their support or rejection) and output (managerial decision-making and actions) of the system.
The most general characteristics of the analysis of concepts and models of modern management include:
1) integrity: the properties of the whole cannot be reduced to the sum of the properties of its elements;
2) structure: the behaviour of a system is determined not so much by the properties of its elements as by the properties of its structure;
3) interaction of the system and the environment: the system is formed and manifests its properties in interaction with the environment;
4) autonomy: the system exists and develops not only according to general laws, but also its own laws;
5) adaptability: the system can adapt to changes in the environment;
6) hierarchy: the interaction of system elements is represented in the form of a hierarchy of links;
7) uniqueness of systems: uniqueness of certain properties observed in each complex system.
Due to the fundamental complexity of analysing the concepts and models of modern management, their cognition requires a comprehensive consideration, each of which describes only a certain side of the system.
In the coordinate system in which we are today, the development of a single adequate model of modern management is impossible, since all forecasts of system implementation are probabilistic. With the help of a systemic approach, it is possible to clearly define the place of sustainable development of modern society and industrial enterprises, their most important functions; the conditions in which action takes place; the norms that are taken into account when choosing goals and means.
But so far, the sustainable development of modern Ukrainian society and industrial enterprises in the context of the digital transformation of society is out of the question, as their development is taking place in the difficult conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, war, uncertainty, instability, risk, and information stochasticity.