Behaviourist method of analysing concepts and models of modern management
According to experts, the behaviourist method has revolutionised management science. Its scientific justification was first presented in 1880 by Woodrow Wilson, based on the following provisions:
1) the predominant motivations in managerial activity are psychological motives that may have a social justification;
2) group and individual actions of people are related to the behaviour of individuals;
3) human behaviour is different in different situations and in different social systems, therefore it is studied by many social sciences and humanities;
4) a substantial part of managerial phenomena and processes can be measured quantitatively, using statistical indicators, questionnaire results, and mathematical methods.
Thus, institutional, anthropological, substantive, and behavioural methods (approaches) are extremely useful and necessary for analysing managerial phenomena, personnel policy of industrial enterprises, and the development of new trends in the global society, which require the evolution of these methods and their adaptation to the present and contribute to the sustainable development of industrial enterprises.
Thus, functional, structural-functional, institutional, anthropological, substantive (ontological), normative-value, behavioural methods of analysing the concepts and models of modern management help to penetrate their integrity, understand all the problems and contradictions and find ways out of the crisis situation of the present day,
The innovative and digital paradigm as a basis for achieving sustainability in times of crisis and uncertainty
The relevance of the study of the innovation and digital paradigm as a basis for achieving sustainability in times of crisis and uncertainty is beyond doubt, as it is dictated by the conditions of the country’s survival, its integration into the European space, increasing the level of competitiveness, reformatting in times of crisis, instability, and information stochasticity.
The innovative and digital management paradigm is a marker and megatrend caused by profound transformations and shifts in all spheres of human activity that affect the long-term sustainable development of society. The innovative and digital management paradigm is the most powerful and significant today, as it can lead the country out of the crisis and onto the path of sustainable digital development, for which it is necessary to develop strategies and priorities for innovative digital development covering large-scale digital industries.
The innovative digital management paradigm (economics, management, governance, computer science, programming) includes the intensive development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and expects them to make a significant contribution to new technological discoveries to achieve sustainable development of the digital industry. Only a digital innovation economy can create new conditions for the breakthrough of advanced disruptive technologies and promote economic innovation development, which requires at least innovative technological disruptions.
The innovative and digital potential of modern society in the context of globalisation (robotics, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, biotechnology, Big Data, 3D printing and manufacturing) includes a set of technological innovation processes that can lead to a change in the nature of work, the actualisation of professions against the background of the disappearance of many existing ones, and the formation of digital competencies of the digitalised society and the society of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
The innovative and digital management paradigm in the context of globalisation is associated with robotics. Robots are increasingly equipped with additional functions, such as high-quality video cameras, touch sensors and laser rangefinders, which are connected and controlled by computers. The huge shifts in robotics are largely driven by the ‘smartphone revolution’, as robots are largely dependent on computer chips, batteries and sensors similar to those found in a powerful mobile phone.
The development of the new management paradigm of innovation and digital potential in the context of globalisation 4.0 is characterised by new trends:
1) widespread deployment of distributed systems;
2) integration with mobile (cellular) and satellite communication systems, which led to the emergence of IP telephony;
3) integration of the global network and mass media – development of interactive television and electronic publications;
4) introduction of prognostic self-learning systems based on neural networks and genetic algorithms (the fourth generation of artificial intelligence systems).
The innovative and digital management paradigm will change all management processes, as cryptocurrencies, blockchain, fintech, and megatrends of the digital era are already emerging and changing the economy, management, and marketing at an incredible speed. Everyone has to adapt to the speed of change – managers of enterprises, companies and organisations, employees at all levels. The pace of change is making industrial production depend not on tangible assets but on digital technologies, which are intangible assets based on the intellectual component, organisational and human capital. At the same time, ‘the main economic indicator of GDP no longer fully reflects the development of innovation’.
The computing power of conventional computers is steadily increasing every two years and doubling, which is known as Moore’s Law. In order to develop a digital economy that is innovative and creative, businesses must increase the computing power of ordinary computers, and the state should be the main source of funding for the development of innovation. An important factor for raising the innovative level of Ukraine’s digital economy is the use of advanced technologies and high-tech products, without which the digital economy cannot be innovative and developed.
Today, the digital economy penetrates all spheres of society: from demography, the biosphere and climate change to the future of medicine, genomics and genetic engineering, synthetic biology and transhumanism; from cloud technologies and the Internet of Things to artificial intelligence, from quantum computers to smart materials, energy, transport, robotics, which generally contributes to the development of the Internet economy as a component of the digital economy. Thus, the innovation and digital paradigm of an industrial enterprise is being formed in the context of the challenges of civilisation – globalisation 4.0, technological development 4.0, Enlightenment 2.0 – and influences the emergence of digital management, digital economy, Internet economy, and deterministic ICT.
Today, we find ourselves at the beginning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which began as a result of the development of digital technologies, accelerated by the Internet and cheap sensory devices, as well as advanced artificial intelligence and self-learning machines. Digital technologies, which are based on computer hardware, software and networks, are not new; they have been evolving since the Third Industrial Revolution, becoming more complex and sophisticated, and can transform entire societies and the global economy.
The power of new machines, rapid development of technology and human capital in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
The capabilities of new machines, the rapid development of technology and human capital indicate that the rapid acceleration of digital development is indicative of the development of digital technologies related to the development of artificial intelligence, robotics, and the creation of machines that can move and interact with the physical world of factories, warehouses, and offices. With each new generation of smart devices, it is stock analysts and engineers in the petrochemical industry who are at the greatest risk of being replaced by machines. Robotics experts have found it extremely difficult to create machines that do not match the skills of even the least trained workers. When it comes to working in the physical world, humans have a huge flexibility advantage over machines.
Today’s factories, especially large-scale factories in high-wage countries, are highly automated, but they are not filled with general-purpose robots. They are staffed with very specialised machinery that is expensive to buy, set up and reprogramme.
Digital, exponential, and recombinatorial power have made two major developments possible for humanity:
1) the creation of real, useful, artificial intelligence (AI);
2) connecting the majority of people on the planet through a common digital network. Each of these developments alone would fundamentally change growth potential, but together they are the most important since the Industrial Revolution, which changed the way we do physical labour forever. Digital machines have broken free of their limitations and are demonstrating great capabilities in system recognition, complex communication, and other areas that were previously reserved for humans.
Recently, we have seen significant advances in natural language processing, machine learning (the ability of a computer to automatically learn from more data), computer vision, simultaneous vehicle location on roads and mapping, and many other fundamental problems. Artificial intelligence will not only improve the quality of life, but will also be able to save it. The main fuel for accelerating progress in the world is our stock of knowledge, and the brake is the lack of imagination, so this development will stimulate human development and, at the same time, human progress. Digital technologies that expand the capabilities of machines contribute to their rapid development, which requires the cultivation of human capital. Economic development can contribute to solving many other problems, and productivity growth is linked to innovations in technologies and production methods.